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<title>Open-source appropriate technology</title>

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Open-source appropriate technology

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Open-source appropriate technology (OSAT) is <a href="Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">appropriate technology</a> developed through the principles of the <a href="Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">open-design movement</a>. Appropriate technology is technology designed with special consideration for the environmental, ethical, cultural, social, political, and economic aspects of the community it is intended for. Open design is public and licensed to allow it to be used, modified, and distributed freely.<a href="#cite_note-Pearce-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits">Benefits</h2></div>

Open source is a development method for <a href="Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">appropriate technology</a> that utilizes distributed peer review and transparency of the process.

<ul><li>Open-source-appropriate technology has the potential to drive <a href="Applied_sustainability" title="Applied sustainability">applied</a> sustainability.</li>

<li>The built-in continuous peer review can result in better quality, higher reliability, and more flexibility than conventional design or patenting of technologies.</li>

<li>The accessible nature of the knowledge provides lower costs, particularly for those technologies that benefit little from the scale of manufacture.</li>

<li>OSAT enables the end of predatory <a href="Vendor_lock-in" title="Vendor lock-in">intellectual property lock-in</a>. This is important for relieving suffering and saving lives in the <a href="Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a>.</li></ul>

In an article published on <a href="Harvard_Business_Review" title="Harvard Business Review">Harvard Business Review</a>, Vasilis Kostakis and Andreas Roos argue that the "open-source" model can act as a driver of <a href="Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable</a> development since it enables localization for communities that do not have the resources to tempt commercial developers to provide local versions of their products, minimizing the need to ship materials over long distances and organizing material activities accordingly.<a href="#cite_note-hbr.org2-3">[3]</a> Local manufacturing would also make maintenance easier and encourage manufacturers to design products to last as long as possible.<a href="#cite_note-hbr.org2-3">[3]</a> The technology can be <a href="Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">both "gratis" and</a> "libre," i.e., free of both the monetary cost and contractual restrictions often associated with commercial technologies and patents. That freedom can be an important consideration for developing communities.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> According to the concepts of <a href="Jeremy_Rifkin" title="Jeremy Rifkin">Jeremy Rifkin</a>, it thus optimizes the sharing of knowledge and design as there are no patent costs to pay for.<a href="#cite_note-hbr.org2-3">[3]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethical_considerations">Ethical considerations</h2></div>

For solutions, many researchers, companies, and academics work on products meant to assist <a href="Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>. The ethics of information sharing in this context have been explored in depth.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_in_the_literature">Support in the literature</h2></div>

<ul><li>It has been investigated how open sharing of designs, specifications, and technical information can enhance effectiveness, widespread use, and innovation of appropriate technology.<a href="#cite_note-buitenhuis-7">[7]</a></li>

<li>OSAT has been proposed as a new model of enabling innovation for <a href="Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zelenika-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li>

<li>OSAT has been claimed to assist in development of medical technology particularly for the developing world.<a href="#cite_note-Kapczynski-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sali-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li>

<li>It has been claimed that the sharing of design processes, appropriate tools, and technical information enables more effective and rapid development of appropriate technologies for both industrialized and non-industrialized regions.<a href="#cite_note-pearce-mushtaq-13">[13]</a> In addition, it is claimed that this sharing will require the appropriate-technology community to adopt open standards/licenses, document knowledge, and build on previous work.<a href="#cite_note-pearce-mushtaq-13">[13]</a></li>

<li>OSAT can be used to generate <a href="Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li>

<li>OSAT and <a href="Peer_production" title="Peer production">peer production</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_education">In education</h2></div>

The <a href="Appropedia" title="Appropedia">Appropedia</a> Foundation is a non-profit organization running <a href="Appropedia" title="Appropedia">Appropedia</a>, the largest <a href="Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a> documenting schematics, ideas, observations, experimental data, deployment logs etc. about patent-free appropriate technology, <a href="Permaculture" title="Permaculture">permaculture</a> and related subjects.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>

At the university level, the use of open-source-appropriate technology classroom projects has been shown to be successful in forging the connection between physics and social benefit.<a href="#cite_note-Pearce-2-18">[18]</a> This approach has the potential to use students' access to resources and testing equipment in furthering the development of appropriate technology. Similarly, OSAT has been used for improving <a href="Service_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Service learning">service learning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pearce-3-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saleh-20">[20]</a> <a href="MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> studied the usefulness of <a href="Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">appropriate technology</a> in education and its relation to OSAT.<a href="#cite_note-Grue-21">[21]</a>

It has been proposed that the evolution of the open-source <a href="3D_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="3D printer">3D printers</a> can enable a new method of development for OSAT.<a href="#cite_note-Villumsen-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zelenika-Zovko-23">[23]</a>

Fracture mechanics, ergonomics/user friendly design, and user centered design; All factor in to create a high quality, new and improved product not to mention the use of smart materials like <a href="Graphene" title="Graphene">graphene</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evaluation">Evaluation</h2></div>

Appropriate technology is designed to promote <a href="Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralized</a>, <a href="Labor-intensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor-intensive">labor-intensive</a>, <a href="Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy-efficient</a> and <a href="Environmentally_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmentally sound">environmentally sound</a> businesses.<a href="#cite_note-BrownU-24">[24]</a> Carroll Pursell says that the movement declined from 1965 to 1985, due to an inability to counter advocates of <a href="Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">agribusiness</a>, large private utilities, and multinational construction companies.<a href="#cite_note-Pursell-25">[25]</a> Recently (2011), several barriers to OSAT deployment have been identified:<a href="#cite_note-Zelenika-Pearce-26">[26]</a>

<ul><li>AT seen as inferior or "poor person's" technology</li>

<li>Technical transferability and robustness of AT</li>

<li>Insufficient funding</li>

<li>Weak institutional support</li>

<li>The challenges of distance and time in tackling rural poverty</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Applied_sustainability" title="Applied sustainability">Applied sustainability</a></li>

<li><a href="Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_for_Change" title="Engineering for Change">Engineering for Change</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Open design">Open design</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_manufacturing" title="Open manufacturing">Open manufacturing</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">Ethics of technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_source_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source technology">Open source technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_public_goods" title="Digital public goods">Digital public goods</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Pearce-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Pearce_1-0">^</a> Joshua M. Pearce, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9">The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology</a>", Environment, Development and Sustainability, 14, pp. 425-431 (2012)

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<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Pearce, J. M. (2014). Free and open source appropriate technology. in The Routledge Companion to Alternative Organization, 308. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780415782265</bdi>

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<li id="cite_note-hbr.org2-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hbr.org2_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hbr.org2_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hbr.org2_3-2">c</a> Kostakis, Vasilis. Roos, Andreas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/2018/06/new-technologies-wont-reduce-scarcity-but-heres-something-that-might">New Technologies Won’t Reduce Scarcity, but Here’s Something That Might</a>. Harvard Business Review, 2018.

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<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPearce" class="citation journal cs1">Pearce, Joshua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9013667">"Innovation Through Collaboration: Scaling up Technological Solutions for Sustainable Development"</a>. Academia.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Shea, P. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.qut.edu.au/73133/1/Phillipa_Shea_Thesis.pdf">Community arts and appropriate internet technology: participation, materiality, and the ethics of sustainability in the digitally networked era</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Bentley, C. M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejisdc.org/Ojs2/index.php/ejisdc/article/viewFile/1233/510">Exploring information ethics for inclusive open development</a>. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150212061944/http://www.ejisdc.org/Ojs2/index.php/ejisdc/article/viewFile/1233/510">Archived</a> 2015-02-12 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

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<li id="cite_note-buitenhuis-7"><a href="#cite_ref-buitenhuis_7-0">^</a> A. J. Buitenhuis, I. Zelenika and J. M. Pearce, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nciia.org/sites/default/files/pearce.pdf">Open Design-Based Strategies to Enhance Appropriate Technology Development</a>", Proceedings of the 14th Annual National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance Conference : Open, March 25–27th 2010, pp. 1–12

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<li id="cite_note-Zelenika-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Zelenika_8-0">^</a> Pearce J., Albritton S., Grant G., Steed G., & Zelenika I. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sspp.proquest.com/archives/vol8iss2/1012-067.pearce.html">A new model for enabling innovation in appropriate technology for sustainable development</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121122073324/http://sspp.proquest.com/archives/vol8iss2/1012-067.pearce.html">Archived</a> 2012-11-22 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy 8(2), pp. 42-53, 2012

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<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSignorini2019" class="citation arxiv cs1">Signorini, Giorgio F. (2019). "Open Source and Sustainability: the Role of Universities". <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.06073">1910.06073</a> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.CY">cs.CY</a>].</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Kapczynski-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Kapczynski_10-0">^</a> Amy Kapczynski et al., "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/hac/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/Addressing-Global-Health-Inequities_-An-Open-Licensing-Approach-f.pdf">Addressing Global Health Inequities: An Open Licensing Approach for University Innovations</a>", Berkley Technology Law Journal 20 (2005): 1031–1114.

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<li id="cite_note-Sali-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Sali_11-0">^</a> Stephen M. Maurer, Arti Rai, and Andrej Sali, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0010056">Finding Cures for Tropical Diseases: Is Open Source an Answer?</a>", PLoS Medicine 1, no. 3 (December 2004): 183–186.

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<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Sinha, S.R. and Barry, M., 2011. Health technologies and innovation in the global health arena. New England Journal of Medicine, 365(9), pp.779-782.

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<li id="cite_note-pearce-mushtaq-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pearce-mushtaq_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pearce-mushtaq_13-1">b</a> Joshua M. Pearce and Usman Mushtaq, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5444388&isnumber=5444349">Overcoming Technical Constraints for Obtaining Sustainable Development with Open Source Appropriate Technology</a>", Science and Technology for Humanity (TIC-STH), 2009 IEEE Toronto International Conference, pp. 814–820, 26–27 September 2009

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<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Louie H. Experiences in the construction of open source low technology off-grid wind turbines. In2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting 2011 Jul 24 (pp. 1-7). IEEE.

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<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Pscheidt, M. and van der Weide, T.P., 2010. Bridging the Digital Divide by Open Source: A Theoretical Model of Best Practice.

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<li id="cite_note-Pearce-2-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Pearce-2_18-0">^</a> J. M. Pearce, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1484572/Teaching_Physics_Using_Appropriate_Technology_Projects">Teaching Physics Using Appropriate Technology Projects</a>", The Physics Teacher, 45, pp. 164–167, 2007

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<li id="cite_note-Pearce-3-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Pearce-3_19-0">^</a> Joshua M. Pearce, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jsd.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/3/1/45">Appropedia as a Tool for Service Learning in Sustainable Development</a>", Journal of Education for Sustainable Development, 3(1), pp.45–53, 2009

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<li id="cite_note-Saleh-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Saleh_20-0">^</a> S. Murphy and N. Saleh, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1974/5171">Information literacy in CEAB's accreditation criteria: the hidden attribute</a>", In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Innovation and Practices in Engineering Design and Engineering Education, 2009. Hamilton, ON July 27–29, 2009

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<li id="cite_note-Grue-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Grue_21-0">^</a> Grue, Amanda J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69511">An investigation into and recommendations for appropriate technology education</a>. MIT. 2011

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<li id="cite_note-Villumsen-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Villumsen_22-0">^</a> Kentzer, J.; Koch, B.; Thiim, M.; Jones, R.W.; Villumsen, E. An open source hardware-based mechatronics project: The replicating rapid 3-D printer, Mechatronics (ICOM), 2011 4th International Conference, 17–19 May 2011. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICOM.2011.5937174">10.1109/ICOM.2011.5937174</a>

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<li id="cite_note-Zelenika-Zovko-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Zelenika-Zovko_23-0">^</a> J. M Pearce, C. Morris Blair, K. J. Laciak, R. Andrews, A. Nosrat and I. Zelenika-Zovko, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mtu.academia.edu/JoshuaPearce/Papers/1566597/3-D_Printing_of_Open_Source_Appropriate_Technologies_for_Self-Directed_Sustainable_Development">3-D Printing of Open Source Appropriate Technologies for Self-Directed Sustainable Development</a>", Journal of Sustainable Development 3(4), pp. 17-29 (2010)

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<li id="cite_note-BrownU-24"><a href="#cite_ref-BrownU_24-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHazeltine,_B.Bull,_C.1999" class="citation book cs1">Hazeltine, B.; Bull, C. (1999). Appropriate Technology: Tools, Choices, and Implications. New York: Academic Press. pp. 3, 270. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-12-335190-1</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Pursell-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Pursell_25-0">^</a> Pursell, Carroll. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3106707.pdf">The Rise and Fall of the Appropriate Technology Movement in the United States</a>, 1965–1985". Technology and Culture, Vol 34, No. 3: 629–637 (July 1993)

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<li id="cite_note-Zelenika-Pearce-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Zelenika-Pearce_26-0">^</a> I. Zelenika and J.M. Pearce, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/12176/9085">Barriers to Appropriate Technology Growth in Sustainable Development</a>", Journal of Sustainable Development 4(6), 12-22 (2011)

</li>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<ul><li>As of <a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open-source_appropriate_technology&oldid=362077631">this edit</a>, this article uses content from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appropedia.org/Open_Source_Appropriate_Technology">"Open Source Appropriate Technology"</a>, which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, but not under the GFDL. All relevant terms must be followed.</li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="https://www.appropedia.org/Welcome_to_Appropedia" class="extiw external" title="appropedia:Welcome to Appropedia">Appropedia</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-02" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Open-source_appropriate_technology&oldid=1298497592">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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